Could regular practice of volleyball modulate salivary secretory immunity in children? Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

INTRODUCTION: The aim of these studies was to evaluate the effects of regular volleyball training on salivary SIgA and alpha-amylase in female children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the cross-sectional study, 115 female children (12.6 ± 2.2 years) participating in a Volleyball training program were classified as beginners, intermediate, and competitive level. The children were evaluated regarding caries index, body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness, and countermovement jump. In the longitudinal study: 54 girls (intermediate and competitive groups) trained for 8 weeks and were re-evaluated at weeks 4 and 8. RESULTS: The SIgA secretion rate and alpha-amylase activity did not present correlations with training category, age, caries index, or training status. A weak positive correlation was detected between IgA secretion rate and BMI (r = 0.20, p < 0.05). After 8 weeks of training, VO2max (p < 0.005) and jump height (p < 0.005) improved in the competitive girls. No differences were observed in salivary secretion rate, SIgA concentration and secretion rate, or alpha-amylase activity at weeks 4 and 8. CONCLUSIÓN: We concluded that despite improving physical fitness, 8-weeks of recreational volleyball training are not able to improve salivary SIgA secretion or alter alpha-amylase activity in female children and adolescents

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Salivary levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in girls aged 7-17 years practicing volleyball / Niveles salivales de interleucina 6 y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa en niñas de 7 a 17 años que practican voleibol

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the salivary concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFalfa) and correlate the findings with the caries index, body mass index (BMI), potency of lower limbs (vertical jump), cardiorespiratory fitness, and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in girls practicing volleyball. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two studies were performed: 1) a cross-sectional study (n = 120) on the association of IL-6 and TNFalfa with the caries index, anthropometric measures, physical tests, and experience in volleyball practice; 2) longitudinal study (n = 63) on the effects of 8 weeks of training on salivary IL-6 and TNFalfa in girls with intermediate experience in volleyball and competitive girls. RESULTS: The median levels of IL-6 were 1.98 [1.55-3.11] pg/ml and TNFalfa, 0.46 [0.28-0.59] pg/ml and these did not correlate with the caries index, BMI, training volume, training practice, or cardiovascular risk. A correlation was observed between IL-6 and TNFalfa (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), IL-6 and vertical jump height (r = -0.28, p < 0.005), and TNFα and age (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). After 8 weeks of training, TNFα levels increased in the intermediate and competitive groups (p < 0.05), while IL-6 levels decreased only in the intermediate level group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: the median levels of IL-6 and TNFalfa did not correlate with the caries index, BMI, training volume, experience practice, or cardiovascular risk. Salivary levels of IL-6 were downmodulated in the group with intermediate experience and TNFalfa was upmodulated by training

INTRODUCCIÓN: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las concentraciones salivales de interleukina-6 (IL-6) y factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNFalfa) y correlacionarlas con el índice de caries, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), potencia muscular de miembros inferiores (salto vertical), la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares en niñas que practican voleibol. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizaron dos estudios: 1) un estudio transversal (n = 120) sobre la asociación de IL-6 y TNFalfa con índice de caries, medidas antropométricas, pruebas físicas y experiencia en la práctica de voleibol; 2) estudio longitudinal (n = 63) sobre el efecto de 8 semanas de entrenamiento em IL-6 y TNFalfa salivales en niñas con experiencia intermedia en voleibol y chicas competitivas. RESULTADOS: los niveles medianos de IL-6 fueron 1.98 [1.55 - 3.11] pg/ml y TNFalfa fue 0.46 [0.28 - 0.59] pg/ml y no se correlacionaron con el índice de caries, el IMC, el volumen de entrenamiento, la práctica de entrenamiento y el riesgo cardiovascular. Se observó una correlación entre IL-6 y TNFalfa (r = 0.34; p < 0.001), IL-6 y altura de salto vertical (r = -0.28, p < 0.005), y TNFalfa y edad (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). Después de 8 semanas de entrenamiento, los niveles de TNFalfa aumentaron en los grupos intermedios y competitivos (p < 0.05), mientras que los niveles de IL-6 disminuyeron solo en el grupo intermedio (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: los niveles medianos de IL-6 y TNFalfa no se correlacionaron con el índice de caries, el IMC, el volumen de entrenamiento, la experiencia práctica y el riesgo cardiovascular. Los niveles salivales de IL-6 se modificaron a la baja en el grupo con experiencia intermedia y el TNFα se moduló al alza mediante el entrenamiento